Monitoring System free essay sample

Introduction Desmark Motor Monitoring System is a system made to help the retailer in recording the customers information in a fastest way and to make the process easier. Desmark Motor Monitoring System will tally each inputted information given from the customer and will show the list of all motorcylce products only. This system is just use when theres a client who wants to purchase an item and to view its record. The system is also used only by the retailer or the admin of Desmark Motor Monitoring System for better security. This study aims to develop a System for the said establishment. A Monitoring system is a method of monitoring the availability of the product and the client who purchased the product. It provides the client As Desmark continues to expand, it has evolved and continues to exert more effort to provide customers with life-building technology for their satisfaction. Experiments obtained by Desmark Monitoring System using complex road scenes are reported, which demonstrate the validity of the method in terms of robustness, accuracy, and time responses. We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Experiments obtained by Desmark Monitoring System using complex road scenes are reported, which demonstrate the validity of the method in terms of robustness, accuracy, and time responses. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Due to the absence of the Honda Desmark Motor Monitoring System the following problems were observed: Possibility of redundant files. Cataloging searching is time consuming. Prone to record losses. 1. 3 Objective of the Study The proponent aims to develop a Product Monitoring System. These are the following solutions in regards to the problems. Reduction of redundant records/information. To make the searching easy and fast. To lessen record losses. 1. 4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study will provide Desmark with a better way of managing the availability of the product. The information can be accessed only by an authorized personnel or staffs security issues are also addressed. And will focus on the motorcycle product and customer will not include payment transactions. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This study benefits the following: Client, With the help of this study, customer will be able to access this transaction anytime anywhere within the specific country where you registered only. And it may help also to make the work easier and faster. School, The study will help the address the upcoming concern regarding the common problems in monitoring system. CEIT Faculty Members. The study will help the teachers understand the benefits of a health monitoring system. Researchers, The study will help the researchers address the problem about monitoring system in an easier and convenient manner. It will also guide them and enhance their skills and capabilities in handling monitoring techniques. Future Researchers, The study will help and guide them in improving future researches in handling monitoring system prior to the demands of the client. Definition of Terms The following definitions are to clear up and focus on the term as they pertain to this study. Technology. The systematic scientific study of technique. The application of science to the solution of practical problems. Automation. The process of getting work performed without any human effort except that of instructing one or more machines what to do and when to do it. Entertainment. To engage a person or audience by providing amusing or interesting material. Monitoring system. Supervision of activities in progress system to ensure they are on-course and on-schedule in meeting the objectives and performance targets. Monitoring techniques. Mechanisms the team use to monitor changes. REFERENCES [1] Chestnutt, J. ; Carnegie Mellon Univ. , Pittsburgh ; Michel, P. ; Kuffner, J. ; Kanade, T. http://www. cuecent. com/includes/pdfs/IVMS_brochure. pdf [2] Honda, H. ; Aptina Japan, Tokyo, Japan ; Osawa, S. ; Shoda, M. http://www. google. com. ph/? gfe_rd=crei=y8sVU776KszA8gflt4GgBQ#q [3] Wako Res. Center, Honda RD Co. Ltd. , Saitama, Japan http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Honda [4] Hirose, M. ; Haikawa, Y. ; Takenaka, T. http://www. hondaph. com/about http://www. papercamp. com/group/scope-and-limitations-in-monitoring-system/page-270 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the overview of the related literature and the studies, which serve as the background information relevant to the problem of the studies. 2. 1 Related Literature 2. 2 Related Studies Youve probably seen your chart at your doctors office. In fact, you may have charts at several doctors offices. If youve been in the hospital, you have a chart there, too. These charts are your medical records. They may be on paper or electronic. To keep track of all this information, its a good idea to keep your own personal health record. What kind of information would you put in a personal health record? You could start with Your name, birth date, blood type, and emergency contact information Date of last physical Dates and results of tests and screenings Major illnesses and surgeries, with dates A list of your medicines and supplements, the dosages, and how long youve taken them Any allergies Any chronic diseases Any history of illnesses in your family CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter explains the different phases that are used to carry out fully in developing the system. Such phases are the analysis modelling, system design, system requirements and Gantt chart. 3. 1 Analysis Modelling In Analysis Modelling stages gives out the details on the context diagram which show the flow of developing the Monitoring system. Context Diagram The context diagram contains the process that generalizes the function of the entire system in relationship to external entities. 3. 2 System Design On this stage, the researcher gives details on the development of the â€Å"Honda Desmark Motor Monitoring System†, and how its been design. The latter’s used various diagram that illustrate the flow and the different application of the system. Data Flow Diagram The Data Flow Diagram shows the main processes within the â€Å"Honda Desmark Motor Monitoring System. † Entity Relationship Diagram The entity relationship diagram enables the project team to identify data objects and their relationship using a graphical notation. During the making of analysis model, the project team initially an Entity Relationship Diagram for the Monitoring System. Gantt Chart 3. 3 Data Dictionary The data dictionary contains the field name, domain, with the parameters of attributes,constraints and the description of attributes. Table login Name Domain Constraints Description username String Not null Admin Username Password String Not null Admin Password Table Register Name Domain Constraints Description Username String Null Employee Username Password String Null Employee Password Confirm Password String Null Employee Confirm Password Gender String Null Employee Gender First Name String Null Employee First Name Last Name String Null Employee Last Name Address String Null Employee Address Employee Number String Null Employee Number Contact Number String Null Employee Number Employee Account Name Domain Constraints Description First Name String Null Employee First Name Last Name String Null Employee Last Name Employee Number Integer Null Employee Employee Number Contact Number String Null Employee Contact Number Gender String Null Employee Gender Customer Account Name Domain Constraints Description First Name String Null Customers’ First Name Last Name String Null Customers’ Last Name Motor Brand String Null Customers’ Motor Brand Motor Number Integer Null Customers’ Motor Number Gender String Null Customers’ Gender Customer Number Integer Null Customers’ Number Address String Null Customers’ Address Home Number Integer Null Customers’ Home Number Phone Number Integer Null Customers’ Phone Number Stock Monitoring Name Domain Constraints Description Model Name String Not Null Brand Model Name Model Number Integer Not Null Brand Model Number Quality String Not Null Brand Quality Price Interger Not Null Brand Price Availability String Not Null Brand Availability Credit App 1 Name Domain Constraints Description First Name String Null Credit App_ First Name Last Name String Null Credit App_ Last Name Middle Name String Null Credit App_ Middle Name Sex String Null Credit App_ Sex Citizenship String Null Credit App_ Citizenship Birthday String Null Credit App_ Birthday Civil Status String Null Credit App_ Civil Status Tin String Null Credit App_ Tin Date Issued Date Null Credit App_ Date Issued Place Issued String Null Credit App_ Place Issued Address String Null Credit App_ Address Length of Stay String Null Credit App_ Length of Stay Home Phone Number Integer Null Credit App_ HomePhone Number Office Phone Number Integer Null Credit App_ OfficePhone Number Mobile Phone Number Integer Null CreditApp_ MobilePhone Number Email Address String Null Credit App_ Email Address Name of Spouse String Null Credit App_ Name of Spouse Age Interger Null Credit App_ Age Credit App 2 Name Domain Constraints Description Name String Null Credit App_ Name Home Address String Null Credit App_ Home Address Residence String Not Null Credit App_ Residence Civil Status String Not Null Credit App_ Civil Status Sex String Not Null Credit App_ Sex Home Phone Number Integer Null Credit App_ Relation w/ Applicant String Null Credit App_ Relation w/ Applicant Birthday String Null Credit App_ Birthday Tin String Null Credit App_ Tin Mobile Phone Number Interger Null Credit App_MobilePhone Number Present Employer String Null Credit App_ Present Employer Date Hired String Null Credit App_ Date Hired Position String Null Credit App_ Position Employer’s Address String Null Credit App_ Employer’s Address Employment Status String Not Null Credit App_ Employment Status Credit App 3 Name Domain Constraints Description Brand String Not Null Credit App_ Brand Model String Null Credit App_ Model Color String Null Credit App_ Color LCP String Null Credit App_ LCP Downpayment Interger Null Credit App_ Downpayment 1 Month String Null Credit App_ 1 Month 3 Months String Null Credit App_ 3 Months 6 Months String Null Credit App_6 Months 12 Months String Null Credit App_ 12 Months 18 months String Null Credit App_18 months 24 Months String Null Credit App_24 Months 30 Motnhs String Null Credit App_ 30 Motnhs Remarks String Null Credit App_ Remarks Approve String Null Credit App_ Approve Approve w/ Condition String Null Credit App_ Approve w/ Condition Disapproved String Null Credit App_ Disapproved 3. 4 System Requirements This show the various hardware and software requirements. Hardware Requirements Some possible hardware components to be used for the developing the system Laptop Rating 2. 9 Windows Experience Index Processor:Intel(R)Atom(TM)CPU N550 @1. 50GHz RAM: 1:00GB System Type: 32-bit operating system Optical Mouse Software Requirements The following are the software requirements to be used in the study: Programming Language: MS Visual Basic 6. 0 Database: My SQL Microsoft Word Microsoft Access Monitoring system free essay sample ABSTRACT Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. RFID technology which is a matured technology that has been widely deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. In this study, an RFID based system has been built in order to produce a time-attendance management system. This system consists of two main parts which include: the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of the motor unit and the RFID reader. The RFID reader, which is a low-frequency reader (125 kHz), is connected to the host computer via a serial to USB converter cable. The Time-Attendance System GUI was developed using visual basic. Net. The Time-Attendance Management System provides the functionalities of the overall system such as displaying live ID tags transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording attendance and other minor functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This interface was installed in the host computer. Keywords: Radio-frequency identification, RFID technology, radio waves INTRODUCTION Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a matured technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. RFID chips contain a radio transmitter that emits a coded identification number when queried by a reader device. Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk reading enables an almost-parallel reading of tags. This small type is incorporated in consumer products, and even implanted in pets, for identification. The tags information is stored electronically. The RFID tag includes a small RF transmitter which transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag, and receiver which receives the message and responds with its identification information. Some RFID tags do not use a battery. Instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader as its energy source. The RFID system design includes a method of discriminating several tags that might be within the range of the RFID reader. RFID can be used in many applications. A tag can be affixed to any object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc. The Healthcare industry has used RFID to reduce counting, looking for things and auditing items. Many financial institutions use RFID to track key assets and automate compliance. Also with recent advances in social media RFID is being used to tie the physical world Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 168 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 with the virtual world. RFID in Social Media first came to light in 2010 with Facebooks annual conference. RFID is a superior and more efficient way of identifying objects than manual system or use of bar code systems that have been in use since the 1970s. Furthermore, passive RFID tags (those without a battery) can be read if passed within close enough proximity to an RFID reader. It is not necessary to show the tag to the reader device, as with a bar code. In other words it does not require line of sight to see an RFID tag, the tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a matured technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. They are grouped under the automatic identification (Auto-ID) technologies. RFID tags are not an improved bar code as the proponents of the technology would like you to believe. An RFID system consists of three components which include: an antenna, a transceiver and a transponder (the tag). The antenna and the transceiver are often incorporated into one reader. The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. The RFID can read the tag using Radio Frequency, meaning that the RFID reader can be read from a distance, right through your clothes, wallet, bags etc. An RFID tag consists of unique ID for each tag. The RFID technology has been in existence since the early 1920s. This technology has been used in libraries, museums, race timing, toll collection and contactless payment, tracking of persons and animals etc. The RFID attendance system is an automatic embedded system used in taking attendance of registered persons in a particular organization. The RFID attendance system offers an organization, the efficiency and convenience associated with RFID technology at a low cost. This method is fast as well as simple. Each employee uses an RFID card and the reader records the data when the employee enters or exits. RFID devices and software must be supported by a sophisticated software architecture that enables the collection and distribution of location based information in near real time. A complete picture of the RFID attendance system combines the RFID Tags and readers with access to global standardized database, ensuring real time access to up-to-date information on the card. The card contains a unique identification number called an electronic product code (EPC). Nowadays, there are lots of companies around the world and some of them consist of workers up to 10 thousand or more. To handle a large number of workers may be a problem especially to get the attendance of the workers. The manual process means that whenever a worker comes to work, he goes to sign at the time officer’s table. This manual process has some flaws because in a case where a worker bribes the time officer or is familiar with him, the time officer may tamper with the attendance records. This would be a big problem in the company and might affect the productivity and management of the company. The suitable solution for this problem is by designing a system that will record attendance automatically. In this project, RFID system is used to record the numbers of employees’ attendance automatically. The ID cards of the employees is embedded with RFID tag which is read by a reader. This RFID system is interfaced to a database through a computer. This method is more effective to prevent problem encountered when getting attendance manually. Below is the block diagram of an RFID attendance system. Related Works The use of Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology in automated electronic environment and for tracking objects has been widely researched upon by researchers and deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. References [21] and [7] provide examples of a real RFID contact less data link deployments that utilize RFID technology for object tracking and automated data collection solution. RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 169 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object In 1945, Leon Theremin invented an espionage tool (for spy activities) for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio frequency information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency even though this device was covert listening device, not an identification device or tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology because it was likewise passive, being energized and activated by waves from an outside source. Similar technologies such as the IFF (identification friend and foe) transponder developed in the United Kingdom, was routinely used by the allies in the World War 2 to identify aircrafts as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircrafts to this day. Mario . W. Cardullo was the first to have received the United States patent for an active RFID tag with re-writable memory on January 23, 1973 [4]. In that same year, Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an embedded transponder communicates a reader near a door, when the reader detects a valid identification number stored within the tag, the reader unlocks the door. Walton licensed the technology to Schalge lock of San Francisco, a lock maker and other companies [1]. Time and attendance systems are a major part of today’s human resource systems, take organization towards better human resource practice, systems and excellence. The implementation of time and attendance system has a lot of advantages for the manager. The kind of system that is implemented depends upon what the organization is trying to achieve by implementing the system. There are different types of automatic attendance systems; each type of system is suited to different needs and requirements [9]. Some of the most common types include; biometric attendance system, magnetic stripe attendance system, barcode attendance system, and RFID attendance system. Barcode Attendance System The barcode system is a common type of time and attendance system through which the efficiency of measuring and tracking employees’ time could be increased to a great degree. With the automation through barcode technology, the errors previously made in the manual payroll or attendances are eliminated. As a result, the system provides high levels of accuracy and reliability in tracking of employee attendance. In addition, the costs associated with the installation of the system are not too much relative to the cost of payroll or attendance errors. The implementation of the barcode system is easy. Every employee is issued a badge/card in which there is a barcode. In order to check into or out of the company, the badge/card is swapped on the time clock, and the data is captured by the clock. This data from the clock can be downloaded by the manager or the administrator and then used for updating and maintaining time and attendance records. The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a unique 12-digit number assigned to retail merchandise that identifies a product and the vendor. The Universal Product Code (UPC) on a product typically appears adjacent to its barcode, the machine-readable representation of the Universal Product Code (UPC). The UPC for a particular product is always the same. The first six digits is the vendor unique identification number. All the products that the vendor sells will have the same first six digits in their UPCs. The next five digits identify the product. The last digit is called the check digit. This is used to verify that the UPC for that specific product is correct. Each time that UPC is read, typically by a scanner reading the barcode, a calculation is done. And, if the check digit is different compared from the one that is calculated, then the computer knows that there is something wrong with the UPC. Figure 1 is a pictorial diagram of a barcode with its universal product code (UPC) [11]. Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 170 ISSN-L: 2223-9553 ISSN: 2223-9944 9553, Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 Fig. 1 picture of a barcode Biometric Attendance System This is the study of measurable biological characteristics. In computer security, biometrics refers to authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical characteristics that can be automatically checked. There are several types of biometric identification schemes which include:-face fingerprints, ecked. include: face retina, hand geometry, vein, voice etc. The computer uses any of these biometric identification schemes to determine who you are, and based your identity authorize your different levels of access authorize [12]. Under this system, there is time and attendance software that is paired with a time clock for employees which uses biometric technology for authentication purposes. When these systems are in use, the employees can use their finger prints for clocking in and clocking out. This method has the great benefit that the entire process is easy as well as quick. Other advantages include elimination of the cost previously incurred in getting the employees cards. In the other systems that uses card other (magnetic stripe and barcode systems), there is an ongoing expense associated with the damage, misplacement and stealing of cards and the continuous need for their restoration and maintenance. Magnetic Stripe Attendance System In the magnetic stripe attendance system, data is encoded in the magnetic stripe of the employee card. When the card, is swiped through the employee time clock, the information in the card’s magnetic stripe is recorded by the time clock. This system also reads one card at a time and also requires contact reads with the reader. Figure 2 is a pictorial diagram of a card embedded with magnetic strip. Fig. 2 picture of a magnetic stripe card Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) A radio-frequency identification system comprises hardware shown in figure 3a 3b, known as frequency interrogators or readers and tags, also known as labels, as well as RFID software or RFID tags , middleware. RFID tags are of two major types, which include Active Tag and Passive Tag. and Fig. 3a RFID tag Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk Fig. 3b RFID card and reader www. journals. savap. org. pk 171 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. Passive RFID does not use a battery, while an active has an on-board battery that always broadcasts or beacons its signal. A battery assisted passive has a small battery on board that is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. Most RFID tags contain at least two parts: one is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions; the other is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. Depending on mobility, RFID readers are classified into two different types: fixed RFID and mobile RFID. If the reader reads tags in a stationary position, it is called fixed RFID. These fixed readers are set up specific interrogation zones and create a bubble of RF energy that can be tightly controlled if the physics is well engineered. This allows a very definitive reading area for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. On the other hand, if the reader is mobile when the reader reads tags, it is called mobile RFID. An Electrical Engineering student of the University of Malaysia; Mohd Firdaus Bin Mahyidin designed RFID technology students’ attendance system 2008 [10], which only takes attendance of students and stores the information in the database. The block diagram of his project is shown figure 4. However, this system does not the incorporate a door unit which allows access to only registered users. Fig. 4: RFID Technology Students attendance system. Comparing Barcode with RFID is done on table 1. Table 1: comparisons between Barcode and RFID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Barcode Rely on the user to make contact to the reader, hence cannot be read from a distance In Barcode, only one card read at a time is allowed. Embedded information cannot be updated, hence the restriction of the repeated overwriting if the embedded election information for each card It does not allow for the increase technologies like surveillance cameras to be activated with an employee being in the vicinity. RFID Do not require contact with reader, hence can be read from a distance. Multiple read at a time is permitted Embedded information can be updated; this allows the repeated over-writing if embedded electronic information for each card. RFID has increased technologies like surveillance cameras to be activated in conjunction with an employee being in their vicinity. It is slower and requires time of sight to RFID is faster and does not require line of function. sight. It has lower data storage transponder. It has higher data storage. This transponder is bogus, and cannot be The transponder is miniaturized, and can be incorporated in small items. incorporate in other items. For example in 2009 researchers successfully glued RFID micro-transponder to live ants [1] Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 172 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Attendance System RFID READER GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) DATABASE MICROCONTROLL COMPUTER ER DOOR UNIT POWER SUPPLY UNIT Fig. 5 Block diagram of an RFID attendance system with door unit The RFID attendance system offers the organization, the efficiency and convenience associated with RFID technology at a low cost. Each employee uses an RFID card and the reader records the data when the employee enters or exits. Operations RFID devices and software are supported by a sophisticated software architecture that enables the collection and distribution of location based information in near real time. A complete picture of the RFID attendance system combines the RFID Tags and readers with access to global standardized database, ensuring real time access to up-to-date information on the card. The card contains a unique identification number called an electronic product code (EPC). The RFID tag can be read from a distance and the embedded electronic information for each card can be over written repeatedly. This increases technologies like surveillance cameras to be activated in conjunction with an employee being in their vicinity. The RFID attendance system is faster, and does not require line of sight. The RFID system has higher data storage. In the RFID systems, the transponders are also easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example in 2009, researchers successfully glued RFID micro transponder to live ants in order to study their behavior [1]. Furthermore, multiple RFID cards can be read all at the same time. Information about the employees’ access and attendance can be stored on the database. RFID Frequency band Frequency refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate between the RFID system’s components. It can be assumed that higher frequency resulting faster data transfer rate and longer reading distance. However as frequency increases, the sensitivity to environmental factor also increases. RFID system currently operates at Low Frequency, High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency. Generally a lower frequency means a lower read range and slower data read rate, but increased capabilities for reading near or on metal or liquid surfaces. The frequency chart is shown in table 2 [18]. Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 173 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 Table 2: RFID Frequency Table Frequency band Description Operating range Application benefits Drawbacks Access control, animal tracking point of sale application, product authentication, vehicle immobilizer etc Smartcards library books, airline baggage etc Works well around water and metal products Short range slower rate Low cost of tag High read rate when compared to low frequency 125KHz to 134KHz Low frequency Less 0. 5m to 1. 5ft than read and read 13. 56M Hz High frequency Less 1m to 3ft than 860MHz To 930MHz Ultra high frequency (UHF) 3m to 9ft Parking lot access, electronic toll collection etc EPC standard built around this frequency Does not work well with high water or metal content 2. 4GHz microwave 1m to 3ft Airline baggage, electronic toll collection Most expensive Fastest rate read Miniaturization RFIDs are easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009 researchers at Bristol University successfully glued RFID micro-transponders to live ants in order to study their behavior [6]. This trend towards increasingly miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances. Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID chip, at 0. 05mm x 0. 05mm. This is 1/64th the size of the previous record holder, the mu-chips. Manufacture is enabled by using the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. These dust-sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bits read only memory (ROM) [7]. A major challenge is the attachment of the antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimeters. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Application Areas In 2010 three key factors drove a significant increase in RFID usage. They include; decreased cost of equipment and tags, increased performance to a reliability of 99. 9% and a stable international standard around UHF passive tag. The areas of significant use are financial services for Information Technology asset tracking and healthcare with more than 60% of the top medical device companies using passive UHF RFID in 2010. RFID is becoming increasingly prevalent as the price of the technology decreases [7]. Therefore, the current uses include: Electronic Vehicle Registration With security of cars being a major concern in many countries, RFID technology is being leveraged by government for Vehicle Registration [21] [13]. This helps detect stolen cars and in their retrieval [14] [18]. Payment by Mobile Phones Since summer 2009, two credit card companies have been working with Dallas, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop specialized microSD cards. When inserted into a mobile phone, the microSD card can be both a passive tag and an RFID reader [19]. After inserting the microSD, a users phone can be linked to bank accounts and used in mobile payment. Diaryqueen in conjunction with Vivotech has Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 174 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 also begun using RFIDs on mobile phones as part of their new loyalty and rewards program. Patrons can ask to receive an RFID tag to place on their phone. After activation, the phone can receive promotions and coupons, which can be read by Vivotechs devices [16]. Similarly,Nokias 2008 device, the 6212, also has RFID capabilities. Credit card information can be stored, and bank accounts can be directly accessed using the enabled handset. The phone, if used as a vector for mobile payment, has added security in that users would be required to enter a passcode or PIN before payment is authorized [16]. Transportation Payments Governments use RFID applications for traffic management, while automotive companies use various RFID tracking solutions for product management. Car-Sharing The Zipcar car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and for member identification [20]. Toll Roads The tags, which are usually the active type, are read remotely as vehicles pass through the booths, and tag information is used to debit the toll amount from a prepaid account. The system helps to speed traffic through toll plazas as it records the date, time, and billing data for the RFID vehicle tag. This has been introduced in some places in Nigeria. Public Transit (bus, rail, subway) In South Korea, t-money cards can be used to pay for public transit. It can also be used in most convenience stores and vending machines in subways as cash. 90% of cabs in Seoul accept card payment, including most major credit cards and the T-money card. T-money replaced UPASS, first introduced for transport payments in 1996 using MIFARE technology [15]. Also, in Hong Kong, mass transit is paid for almost exclusively through the use of an RFID technology, called the octopus card. This has also been used in various other countries like Canada, Russia etc [15]. Asset Management and Retail Sales RFID combined with mobile computing and Web technologies provide a way for organizations to identify and manage their assets. It was initially introduced to major retail by Craig Patterson, Knoxville, TN. Mobile computers, with integrated RFID readers, can now deliver a complete set of tools that eliminate paperwork, give proof of identification and attendance. Web based management tools allow organizations to monitor their assets and make management decisions from anywhere in the world. Web based applications now mean that third parties, such as manufacturers and contractors can be granted access to update asset data, including for example, inspection history and transfer documentation online ensuring that the end user always has accurate, real-time data. Organizations are already using RFID tags combined with a mobile asset management solution to record and monitor the location of their assets, their current status, and whether they have been maintained. RFID is being adopted for item-level retail uses. Aside from efficiency and product availability gains, the system offers a superior form of electronic article surveillance (EAS) and a superior self checkout process for consumers. The financial services technology consortium (FSTC) set a technical standard for tagging Information Technology assets [21] and other industries have used that standard as a guideline. For instance the US State Department is now tagging IT assets with passive RFID using ISO/IEC 18000-6 standard [8]. Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 175 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 Schools and Universities School authorities in the Japanese city of Osaka are now chipping childrens clothing, back packs, and student IDs in a primary school. Similarly, Whitcliffe Mount School in cleckheaton England uses RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a specially designed card. In the Philippines, some schools already use RFID in IDs for borrowing books and also gates in those particular schools have RFID ID scanners for buying items at a school shop and canteen, library and also to sign in and sign out for student and teachers attendance [8]. Human Implants Implantable RFID chips designed for animal tagging are now being used in human beings. An early experiment with RFID implants was conducted by British professor of cybernetics Kevin Warwick, who implanted a chip in his arm in 1998. In 2004 Conrad chase offered implanted chips in his night clubs in Barcelona and Rotterdam to identify their VIP customers, who in turn use it to pay for drinks. In 2004, the Mexican Attorney Generals office implanted 18 of its staff members with the verichip to control access to a secure data room [15]. Fig. 6a Hand with the planned location of the RFID chip Fig. 6b The hand just after the operation to insert the RFID tag was completed. The yellow is from the iodine disinfection before inserting the chip APPLICATIONS OF RFID TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA The RFID technology has been suggested to be applied in various sectors in Nigeria to reduce corruption. These sectors include; the monitoring of crude oil, tracking the movement of money, drug agencies and monitoring containers entering the country. Other proposed applications include: the cloning of documents such as certificate of occupancy, bills of lading and university certificates etc. An RFID technology company in Nigeria started providing anti-money laundering (AML) solutions to banks. The technology tracks the movement of money and alerts the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit of any suspicious activities. The company is providing the service to five major Nigerian banks. This technology has been used by NAFDAC to reduce the importation and distribution of counterfeit drugs 2008 [17]. SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMETATION METHODOLOGY The method/approach used in achieving this project design include; the designing of a hardware unit consisting of a motor interfaced with a designed database and graphical user interface(GUI) that will be responsible for taking and storing the data received from the reader. And the software development Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 176 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 unit consisting the Microsoft visual studio, Microsoft . Net framework and Microsoft access. This is done by comparing the information received from the RFID reader to the information stored in the database. The Hardware The hardware architecture consists of the UME4100 RFID tag, the SEEED 125 KHz RFID reader, the ATMEL AT89S52 microcontroller, the computer, the door unit, the power supply unit, the universal serial bus (USB), USB to serial converter, the RS-232 interface, the universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) and the serial data transmission. The RFID reader in figure 7 uses low frequency band, and practically, the reading distance between the tag and the reader is about 7cm. The output of this reader is transmitted serially, and data is transmitted at 9600 baud rates. However, this reader has been chosen because it has a DB9 female header, which can be used to connect to the serial port of personal computer, and it can display the unique ID of the tag in Window operating system. Its applications includes Pet Toys and Access Control System Fig. 7 The SEEED RFID reader [2] (module and antenna) The figure 8 shows the RFID tags used in this paper. These RFID tags are passive tags thus it has no internal power supply. These tags activated by radio frequency transmitted by the reader. The reading distance is about 7 cm. When the RFID reader receives the data from the tag, the data then will be compared with the data in the database to identify the holder of the tag. Fig. 8 The UEM4100 RFID tag This design consists of the RS-232 circuit, the motor circuit and the microcontroller. The RFID reader sends signals to the RS-232 circuit which interfaces with the serial port. The microcontroller is programmed to receive signals from the RS-232 circuit and sends signals to control the motor circuit which controls the direction of movement of the door. The crystal oscillator generates pulses that enable the microcontroller to execute instructions. The microcontroller codes are written with assembly language. The motor unit controls the movement of the door. The microcontroller sends signals to the transistor which acts as a switching device. These transistors allow current flow into the relay. The RS-232 converts the transistor-transistor logic data to enables communication with the serial port. The Software The software development unit consisting: the Microsoft visual studio, Microsoft . Net framework and Microsoft access [3]. Copyright  © 2012 SAVAP International www. savap. org. pk www. journals. savap. org. pk 177 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 Microsoft Access Database: There are two databases designed using Microsoft Access 2007. The databases named â€Å"regDB† and â€Å"attendance†. The â€Å"regDB† database stores information of registered users. This information is used by the administration to identify and manipulating attendance information.