Consider the problem of global warming in todays society, and suggest Essay

Consider the problem of global warming in todays society, and suggest solutions for the prevention of continued global warming - Essay Example throughout its history and most of the changes have been due to the changing orbital pattern of the earth and changes in the amount of solar energy received by the earth. However the present increase in global warming occurring within the earth is also a result of increased population growth, urbanization and other human activities. All these have caused a net increase in the amount of greenhouse gases which is believed to the major causative factor for the increased warming in the earth (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, n.d). While these changes have necessitated the implementation of suitable policy changes, the global economic crisis and other special interests have nearly halted the progress towards framing such a policy. Devising such a plan, would involve the combined efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organizations for their inputs about possible calamities and in specifying the resources required in the wake of such a crisis. Urbanization and population growth: A principle contributing factor for the rise in greenhouse gases is man-made activities through urbanization and the rapid rise in population growth. Urbanization has had a profound effect on the environment worldwide as it has caused changes to the land, water and atmosphere. The number of people living in urban areas has tripled over the years and studies estimate that more than half the world’s population will reside in urban areas in the next few years (Torrey, 2004). One of the major contributing factors for the rise in urbanization is the population growth which has shown an exponential increase over the past 50 years (Little Flower, 2006; World Population Growth, 2004). This increase as well as migration of the world population will have an effect on the natural environmental resources owing to the increased consumption of food, energy, water and land. It has increased the air, water and noise pollution levels and other phenomena suc h as global warming which is

International Marketing final term paper on any brand from 'Interbrand

International Marketing final on any brand from 'Interbrand top 100 brands'. Walmart cannot be chosen - Term Paper Example This has hugely contributed to success of the company. McDonald’s first international venture was in Canada and then it had proceeded into the European and Asian markets. In all these places, the company has successfully positioned itself as a major player in food retail (Bonanno and Constance, 2008). The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first section will focus on marketing strategy that has been adopted by McDonald’s while venturing into foreign markets so as to comprehend whether it has used standardization or adaptation policies. The second part of the paper focuses on Internationalization process theory that had been adopted by McDonald’s in its foreign ventures. It has been observed that when multinational companies venture to foreign markets, they either use globalization strategies or localization strategies to promote their products. When a company pursues globalization strategy, it promotes standardized products in all places of operation. Multinationals, following this strategy, use standardized products, prices and distribution channels and promotional campaigns. Companies tend to adopt this marketing mix because standardized products are easier to brand and label. Most importantly, it helps to reduce operational cost of the company. Internationalization marketing strategies, on the other hand, are related to customization of marketing strategies for different locations in which the company operates. The rationale behind adopting this strategy is that cultural, national and regional preferences of the target market are incorporated in the marketing strategy so as to maximize probability of product acceptance (Vignali, 2001). Taylor (1 991) had pointed out that in order for a company to attain competitive advantage, both globalization and internationalization strategies must be employed. A large number of organizations have adopted â€Å"Think

Ethics and Islam Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Islam Essay The interpretation of secular vs. religious ethics is always interesting, when we try to understand which of the two deserve our support. Obviously, both ethical philosophies have the right to exist among us, but the provisions of the religious ethics in Said Nursi’s vision are not only unique, but are sometimes surprising, and are sometimes unacceptable to those, who keep to secular ethical traditions. Said Nursi insists on ethics having religious foundations. His ethical vision is based on the assumption that religion is the source of reliable ethical knowledge. â€Å"For Nursi, the ultimate source of all ethical reflection is the Qur’an† (Markham 69). In this situation it is possible to suggest that Qur’an should be simple and understandable to the common people, so that they should be able to follow its provisions. The assumption is rather debatable: on the one hand, there seems to be nothing negative or threatening in the fact that Said Nursi keeps to religious foundations of ethics. On the other hand, I may suggest that those who refuse to accept the life of the prophet Muhammad as the source of ethical knowledge, risk facing opposition from religious ethics’ supporters. This ethics loses its relevance as soon as it is faced with the fact that there are possible other sources of ethics in other cultures of the world. Moreover, and I would agree with Markham, in that there is no guarantee that being obedient to Qur’an means seeing its wisdom; in case we do not understand the provisions to which we should keep in our ethics, it loses its relevance and meaning. The strong side of religious ethics in Said Nursi’s words is in accepting violence as weakness in trying to resolve various disputes. â€Å"Nursi is committed to handling disagreement with peaceful means not because he shared a western skepticism about the truth of religion, but because of the truth of religion† (Markham 72). Secular ethics would easily reject these religious attitudes. While Nursi tries to justify the strength of religion, he obviously forgets that this strength is relevant only within the limited religious circles. Secularism exists and cannot be denied. For those who consider themselves being secular the strength of religion is closely connected with the power of metaphysical phenomenon. In the absence of the latter, the power of the former becomes debatable. Thus, religious foundations of ethics can be applied within the limited space of extremely religious eastern countries, which keep to Islamic religion. Especially interesting is Nursi’s ideas about personal ethics and social equality. His interpretation of a person in illness is rather curious, though is also natural within the eastern religious framework. â€Å"O ill person who lacks patience! Be patient, indeed, offer thanks! Your illness may transform each of the minutes of your life into the equivalent of an hour’s worship† (Makrham 74). The question is whether patience is equal to inactivity. Recognizing the religious value of pain and suffering is what Nursi tried to convey in his ethical teaching (Markham 75) but this also risks confusing ethics with religion, without creating any distinct border between them. Social ethics in Nursi’s vision tends to support equality through rejecting interest and recognizing the importance of redistribution. In these terms, Nursi seems to reject the pluralism of social status in the society. Moreover, rejection of interest is closer to rejecting secularism, than to supporting religious foundations of ethics. Conclusion The whole ethical theory created by Nursi deserves attention but seems to be founded on the grounds, which do not justify the strength of religion but better protect it from the intervention of the external knowledge. In this light religious ethics seems even more vulnerable, than Nursi tried to represent it. Works cited Markham, I. â€Å"Secular or Religious Foundations for Ethics: A Case Study of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi†. In I. Markham I. Ozdemir, Globalization, Ethics and Islam, Ashgate Publishing, 2005, pp. 65-78.

Proctor & Gamble Essay -- Business Management Analysis Essays

Proctor & Gamble   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Founded in 1837, Procter & Gamble is the #1 U.S. makers of household products and a recognized leader in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of a broad range of products including Crest toothpaste, Tide laundry detergent, Ivory soap, Pampers diapers, and Dawn liquid detergent. Procter & Gamble has operations in over 70 countries and employs over 100,000 people worldwide and markets to nearly five billion customers in over 140 countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Procter & Gamble?s purpose or mission statement states exactly why Procter & Gamble is so driven in providing quality products and services to consumers all over the world. Procter & Gamble?s purpose is as follows: ?We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world?s consumers. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper www.pg.com/jobs/company_culture/purpose.jhtml.? Procter & Gamble?s company culture, think globally, act globally, focuses on a variety of core values: leadership, ownership, integrity, passion for winning, and trust. Procter & Gamble works well with the national cultures of Italy and Japan because Procter & Gamble thrives on diversity. Everyone at Procter & Gamble is united through Procter & Gamble?s values and goals. Procter & Gamble is such a giant in the household industry. The company sees diversity as advantage. Procter & Gamble?s diversity covers a broad range of characteristics, such as race, sex, personal, religion, cultural heritage, etc. Within the company, Procter & Gamble creates an advantage from their differences. Outside Procter & Gamble, the company is very sensitive to other national cultures because of their unique culture found within. Every company has its own unique culture. Most organizations don?t deliberately try and create a culture. The culture of an organization is created unconsciously, based on the values of top management. Procter & Gamble?s principles are derived from the company?s Purpose and Values. The core principles of the company are: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We Show Respect for All Individuals ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Interests of the Company and the Individual are Inseparable ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are Strategically Focused in Our Work ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Innovation is th... ...octer & Gamble needs to institute changes that will help them become faster. A better public corporate image of Procter & Gamble could also raise awareness that Procter & Gamble is home to many household products, even those environmentally safe. The recent Dawn commercial is a great example. Dawn is used to clean off oil spill animal victims. The general public is not aware of many of the products Procter & Gamble market and produce. Better advertising would be beneficial. Procter & Gamble uses their diversity successfully as a global company. The people that work for them are their greatest asset. Procter & Gamble believes tat it is important to develop and support a diverse workplace. Now the company needs to broaden its corporate culture outside of the United States more than it has in the past for continues future success. References 1). www.cyborlink.com/besite/hofstede.htm 2). www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_italy.shtml 3). www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_japan.shtml 4) www.geert-hofestede.com/hofstede_united_states.shtml 5). www.pg.com/jobs/company_culture/core-values.jhtml 6). www.pg.com/jobs/company_culture/purpose.jhtml 7). www.uvt.nl/web/iric/hofstede.htm

International Organization Based on the Assumption of Liberalism and Realism

Different theories explain why international organizations are createdWhich are basically a response to problems of incomplete information, transaction costs, and other barriers to efficiency and welfare improvement for their members. But different questions like; do international organizations really do what their creators intend them to do?Do they really support member states in achieving their basic interests mutually? These critical questions and others of their likes can be analyzed to some extent by several theories proposed by different scholars in the field of international relations.Such theories are liberal, realism and constructivism but the concern of this work is on realism and liberal theory. International organization is a union or association of States, or of enterprises or of other national entities set up across national boundaries.Examples are Of States, are the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) of enterprises: Transnational Corporations (TNCs); inclu de The Coca-Cola Company, Sony, McDonalds, Toyota, etc. Of other national entities; are like Amnesty International; International Olympic Committee, World Organization of the Scout Movement, and the International Committee of the Red Cross.Around 30000 such organizations are active in about 300 countries and territory over the world. International organizations progressed after the Second World War, the gulf between the international politics and formal organizational arrangement which began to open in ways that were not easy to reconcile. This organization seemed to strengthen in dealing with rising problems such as the extension of property right, environment protection and formal supernatural authority. The international organization was the answer on solving collective problems.Public interestRefers to the net benefits derived for, and procedural rigor employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, decision or policy. Public may include the widest possible scope o f society, example of individuals and groups sharing a market place for goods and services (included those provided by government), as those seeking sustainable living standard and environment quality for themselves and future generations. Interests are all things valued by individual and society such as economic freedom, political power access to government property right.Those things we seek to acquire and control are interest like ideas we aspire to and protections that are harmful. Realism theory views that world politics is driven by competitive self-interest; they believe that decisive dynamic among countries is a struggle for power in an effort by each to preserve or, preferably, improve its military security and economic welfare in competition with other countries.As an approach to international politics, realism can be traced to such ancient practitioners and thinkers as Sun Tzu (544-496 B. C) the Chinese general and the author of The Art of War; Thucydides (460-399 B.C), a Greek historian and author of The History of the Peloponnesian War, and more recently statesmen such as Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) the Iron Chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under Prussian control. (Rourke 2012b; p20)Liberal theoryStates are not simply ‘black boxes’ seeking to survive and prosper in an anarchic system. They are configurations of individual and group interests who then project interests into the international system through a particular kind of government. Survival may very well remain a key goal. But commercial interests or ideological beliefs may also be important.The conventional wisdom is that states create and delegate to IOs because they provide essential functions. They provide public goods, collect information, establish credible commitments, monitor agreements, and generally help states overcome problems associated with collective action and enhance individual and collective welfare.Notable philosopher advocating liberalis m including Thomas Hill Green, John Rawls, John Lock, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill. Emanuel Kant, Jean Jacque Rousseau and the former USA presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt.It is true saying that international organizations based on the assumption that ‘’government aims at public interest’’, this is because international organizations sees that the government at a large extent is the best solution for solving public problems and a representation of public interest at the same time. This connotation can be analyzed through the use of liberal and realism theories as follows. Realism theory as the first theory of international organization is used to prove right the above quotation as they assume that, survival is the principal goal of every State. Realists hold states to be the main actors.It means that state control each and everything. Even if domestic interests, strategic culture, or commitment to a set of national ideals would dictate more benevolent or co-operative international goals, the anarchy of the international system requires that States constantly ensure that all states posses some military capacity, and they have sufficient power to defend themselves and advance their material interests necessary for survival. Survival of the state is important for every individual for example United States normally employs military power for the survival and to defend her national interests (Gulf war and Iraq war).  (Wolfrum,2011)Realists believe in the anarchic structure of the international system as the most important determinant of state behavior. Realists believe that the international system exists in a state of anarchy a term that implies not chaos or absence of structure and rules, but rather the lack of a central government that can enforce rules. Therefore order for the state to maintain public interest, a state makes use of the economic prosperity and military might to make decisions that are of much importanc e to the public.States will also act as best as they can in order to maximize their likelihood of the public and continuing to exist. (Ibid) Realists hold states to be rational actors. This means that given the goal of survival, States will act as best they can in order to maximize their likelihood of continuing to exist. Thus States may create international law and international institutions, and may enforce the rules they codify. However, it is not the rules themselves that determine why a State acts a particular way, but instead the underlying material interests and power relations.A country’s foreign policy may reflect broad national objectives and the strategies governments use to guide their actions in the international arena. Also a government extends the domestic interests to the international environment through the use of foreign policy that will guide the interaction of the state with other international actors like the international organizations. For example the foreign policy of Tanzania is aimed at developing the country through economic diplomacy, regional cooperation and multilateral relations.(ibid)Realism assume that all state posses military capacity and no any other state knows about neighbor intend precisely, thus the world is uncertain and dangerous, the only purpose of state is to defend the interest of the state, enable state to survive while promoting public interest against foreign invasion and occupation. Through government organs like judiciary, legislature and executive enforce laws to ensure achievement of public interest, where people have surrender their authority to the government to protect their liberty, life and property.People may ensure their safety through government from internal and external invasion or threats. (ibid) Liberal theory on the other hand is another theory of international relation which tries to explain the truth of international organization on the assumption that government aims at public interes t. This theory analyzes how government aims at providing public interest in several ways using its key assumptions as follows. Liberalism believes on democratic stability theory which rests on the observation that no two democratic states have ever gone to war with one another, and that democratic states rarely strike first.Liberals argue that democracies identify with one another because of their shared norms and values like the United States doesn’t want to take Canada partly because each country believes that citizens have the right to choose their own government and consequently believe that conquering another country and enslaving its citizen is wrong. Moreover democracies are not dominated by the military and lie in the hands of an individual or a small group; leaders are accountable to their people, who are often reluctant to see their children go to war.A variety of issues can dominate the international agenda. Unlike realist, liberals believe that national security d oes not always have to be of paramount importance economic, environmental issues, and human rights can all become the most important goal of a nation. Also in liberalism the ideas was international and they depend each other to solve certain problems for example the problems of hunger is not to Africa only but it is global while they provide deferent aids to African.Also the problem of economic crises is the western countries problems but shacked till African due to lose aids and loans. The state acts in the liberal of law, and not acts outside the law. Liberals contend that people and the countries that represent them are capable of finding mutual interests and cooperation to achieve them at least in part by working through International organizations and according to International law. On the other hand liberals do not dismiss power as a factor, but they add morality, ideology, emotions (such as the friendship and mutual identity) and habit of cooperation.Jean Jacques Rousseau (17 12-1718), he argued that in social contract (1762), that human had to join together in civil societies because they found it easier to improve their existence through cooperation than competitive self reliance. So in contemporary liberals in where each government aims at public interests they apply this notion to global society and argue that people and their countries can better their existence by joining together to build a cooperation and peaceful global society.In policy prescriptions liberals urges on creating norms of justice and peace, promoting and strengthening International Organizations in achieving people’s interests. Both classical and neo Liberals like Jean Jacques Rousseau and Wilson Woodrow on nature of politics, principles and cooperation as standards of international standards argue that people are not inherently political predators and are capable of achieving less conflictive relations either through current government structures or new models of governmen t.And on principle emphasis is on states to formulate their foreign policy according to cooperative and ethical standards to improve social, economic and political needs of each member country; they are not forced into organizations but according to their willingness and global challenges they face in providing public’s social, political and economic needs, thus different states join organizations like UN, AU and EU which enables member states in achieving such interests.  (Rourke 2005a, pp 17-22)Liberal international relation theory believes that government represents some segments of domestic society, whose interest are reflected in state policy. Consistent with the view that society, understood as an aggregate of autonomous individual and voluntary groups, is prior to the state. Liberal theories of politics accord a central place to the domestic institution that link state and society. Liberals analyze such institutions primarily as mechanisms for the representation of s ocial interests.The state is assumed to be representative to some set of social groups, although not all governments represents the entire population. For liberals, the principal agent relationship between the population and the state is thus a central issue. (Moravcsik,2010)In recommending the quotation that international organization based on the assumption that government aims at public interests; in realism point of view states act as main actor on the insurance of public interest within international system, still on its loneliness seem to fail on defending public interest fulfillment a hundred  percent due to series of challenges, threats or obstacles that fade upon state survive on maintaining public interest.Example hunger, issue of security, outbreak of diseases, as well as economic recession problem that is common to third world countries. Therefore state regardless of its potentiality role on public interest it must cooperate with non state actor be it international org anization like UN or be it regional organization like NGOs, civil society for maximum public interest achievement.Under liberal perspective state seems to be with great role in public interest since it cooperate with another actors on making the availability of conducive environment for public interest attainment within their respective boundary. Although most of this cooperation is not two way traffic in such a way that only one which is powerful side benefit from this cooperation either bilateral or multilateral.Example north-south, Therefore cooperation is inevitable for proper prosperity of public but should be win-win or two way traffic cooperation. Therefore principal actors of the world politics remains nation-states, though they are not the only actors. The international system consists of nation-states, international organizations, and private actors, thousands of international organizations were established during the post-World War II era.The increasing number of internat ional organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of economic, political, social and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states in today’s world which are significant in their respective fields reflecting preferences of states albeit non-state actors challenges and even weakens weaker states favor preferences of stronger states.

Stem Cells Research The Regeneration Of Medicine. Stem

Stem Cells Research the Regeneration of Medicine Stem cells research is one of the most powerful areas of medicine that is both researched and passionately argued. The web page of National Institute of Health (NIH) describes that stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and they can also be induced to become tissue or organ-specific cells with special functions. Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. Many individuals believe that there are ethical concerns with stem cell research because they come from destruction of perfectly good embryo however stem cells can be used for cell-based therapies, heart†¦show more content†¦(Goodarzi et al. 4) Stem cells can be used to regenerate a heart for patients that are suffering from heart failure. Liao and Tse in their article for stem cell research therapy Which was published by National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) mentions that â€Å"Heart failure (HF) due to loss of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial injuries, especially myocardial infarction (MI), is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide† (1). A myocardial infarction is heart attack which is just an obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle which can be fatal which is why Liao and Tse in their article discuss two different types of stem cells: multipotent stem cells (adult stem cells) and pluripotent stem cells as potential cell sources for heart regeneration. Current treatments and therapies can only reduce the loss of cardiomyocytes which are cardiac muscle cells but are unable to replenish the permanent loss of those cardiac cells. The most common curative therapy is heart trans plantation for severe heart failure, but this therapy is likely in a minority of heart failure patients due to limited organ supply. Under those circumstances â€Å"cell-based therapies using multipotent stem cells (adult stem cells) and pluripotent stem cellsShow MoreRelatedA Research On Limb Regeneration1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbring us closer to a breakthrough in regenerative medicine. Scientifically, regeneration means the process of regrowth of damaged or lost tissue. When the human body has become fully matured, around the age twenty-five human organs, such as the liver can be regenerated. If any damage is caused to the liver it is capable of regenerating itself, although it may not fully return to its original state. 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Motivation in Modern ICT Industry Essay - 1570 Words

Motivation in modern ICT industry Motivation is the psychological background of an individual, which will build up his ego, determining whether that individual will be productive or hard-working at the place of work. In the case of the ICT industry, studies are constantly being done regarding what makes up the general employee in the industry, and which characteristics can be exploited. In this short report, a few models that have been studied, and how they work within a software-based company, will be discussed. A software engineer can be characterized by various traits, which differ from the average employee, although they are still generally based upon the basic fundamental characteristics. In a literature review drawn up by Sarah†¦show more content†¦A promotion, for example, is not always beneficial to the company, as it may demotivate the individual depending on his ego. If one is not comfortable at a position offered (if he accepts) it may not be as productive as he would be at a lower tier, despite him being motivated by means of a reward. The job characteristic theory is a model of regulation of motivation within a place of work, for which many variants have been developed. This model was first proposed by Greg Oldham and Richard Hackman. A modification to this theory, the Job Characteristic Model is a model proposed by Couger and Zawacki, and it is more applicable to a software background. In modern ICT research, more focus is taken onto open-source developers, in the area of motivation. The theory itself studies job characteristics that affect work-related outcomes, most importantly – motivation; and provides measures for them known as the motivating potential score. The alternative proposed by Couger and Zawacki adds a few factors which they believed were better oriented to a software development company. 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As seen above, the ICT is a complexRead MoreLiterature Review on the Use of Ict as Classroom Practice2611 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature review Using ICT as a classroom practice in Science lesson: The effect on students’ motivation and achievement on learning Vast development on ICT (Information communication technology), along with the globalization of the economy has changed the field of education. According to RAND Corporation (2002) in their report on Teaching and learning 21st century skills: Lesson from learning sciences, one of the nine lessons to teach in 21st century skills is to make use of technology to supportRead MoreInformation And Telecommunication Technology ( Ict )1985 Words   |  8 Pages1 Background of the Study Information and telecommunication technology (ICT) is rapidly growing all over the world and Ghana is no exception. In the light of rapid growth in electronic payment (E-payment) systems throughout the developed and the developing world, the financial industry in Ghana cannot remain an exception in expanding the use of the system. Technological innovations play a critical role in the banking industry by creating value for banks and customers, that it enables customers toRead MoreImpact of Computer in Banking System in Nigeria2674 Words   |  11 PagesWeb Images Videos News the impact of computer services in banking industries (Cache) (Images) (Similar) http://www.scribd.com/doc/14194263/the-impact-of-computer-services-in-banking-industries- The research has critically examined then influence of computer on modern banking system in Nigeria. The finding of this research has show that computer has ... The Role of Computer in Enhancing Banking (Cache) (Images) (Similar) http://www.scribd.com/doc/27530168/The-Role-of-Computer-in-Enhancing-BankingRead MoreThe Section Discuss Of The Internationalisation Process5005 Words   |  21 Pagesinternationalisation process of case firm 4 â€Å"Delta†. Delta is one of the largest ICT firm in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa and most capitalised ICT firms in Sub-Saharan. Delta is chosen as one of the case firms for the following reasons (a) Delta is a pioneer and one of the largest ICT firms in Nigerian (b) Delta is one of the few Nigerian firms with subsidiary in East Africa (c) Delta is the most capitalised ICT firms in Sub-Saharan Africa (c) the firm has subsidiaries in 3 countries and operationsRead MoreHacking And Its Effect On Human Behavior Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesanonymous hackers posted personal information of Ashley Madison users such as their email addresses and account details, the hack effected 32 million users. Hackers have been known to hack into networks for a multitude of reasons usually the key motivation is money. However, the hackers of Ashley Madison had a different motive, according to fortune.com the hackers â€Å"criticized Ashley Madison’s core mission of arranging affairs between married individuals† they also â€Å"attacked Ashley Madison’s businessRead MoreImport And Local Production Of Cem ent Importation9782 Words   |  40 Pagestransition to democratic rule in 1999 was buoyed by the new democratic government drive to protect Nigerian infant industry, through various economic measures, for example, the Backward Integration Policy (BIP). The BIP was introduced in the year 2000 as the government realised it would be sustainable and economically viable to encourage and enhance domestic manufacturing industry. The policy, however, was geared towards import reduction as Nigeria was becoming the world’s biggest cement importer